Phytoremediation of Industrial Wastewater using Water Hyacinth 243
TDS and TSS, phenols and lignins must be minimized through different treatment processes to meet
the pollution standards (Ashrafi et al. 2015).
India’s first paper mill was established at Serampore, West Bengal, in 1812, and hosts the 15th
largest paper and pulp industry in the world. The per capita, paper consumption in India is 5.5 kg y–1
which is 10 times lower than the global average consumption, i.e., 50 kg y–1. The P&P industries in
India are classified into three categories as per the production capacity (tons per annum, TPA), i.e.,
large scale (greater than 33,000 TPA), medium scale (between 10,000 and 33,000 TPA) and small
scale (less than 10,000 TPA). In India mainly, four types of broad categories of paper are produced
and consumed which include firstly, cultural type paper which comes in the form of cream woven,
maplitho, bond paper, chromo paper. Secondly, industrial paper is manufactured in the form of kraft
paper, single layer paper board, multilayer board and duplex board. Thirdly specialty paper which
is security paper, grease proof paper, electrical grades of paper), and fourthly, newsprint (glazed,
non-glazed) (MOEF 2010).
Wastewater generated from the P&P industries contains a high amount of organic matter,
COD, BOD, TSS, Lignin, AOX, Chlorides, PO4
3–, NO3
–, phenols, etc. The study by Sharma et al.
(2021) observed the high amount (693 mg/l) of phenol in the P&P industry effluent apart from a
high amount of PO4
3– and AOX, whereas Tarlan et al. (2002) observed 267 mg/l and 46.3 mg/l,
respectively of these pollutants. Table 14.1 lists the different pollutants generated in P & P industry
and Table 14.2 shows the Indian standards for Wastewater Generation from P&P industry as given
by CPCB (2000).
Kraft paper, writing paper and hardboard manufacturing industries produce heavy metals like
Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb, along with organic wastes (Sharma et al. 2020). Different heavy
metals released from different paper-making processes are described in Table 14.3. Heavy metal
tends to bind with lignocellulosic waste and forms complexes like Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs), which are a severe threat to the environment and they tend to accumulate in the food chain
(Singh et al. 2015).
14.5.2 Textile Industry
The textile industry is one of the important industries which affect the economy of the world. It is
one of India’s largest industrial sectors with a large unmatched raw material base, as globally, India
is the 6th largest exporter of textile and apparels (T&A), and total exports stood at a significant
11.4% in 2020–21, with 4% of the global trade share in T&A. India exports textile products to more
than 100 countries. Approximately 47% of Indian textile products are exported to the USA, EU and
the UK. Besides the economic development, this industry contributes to many direct and indirect
employment all over the country, including a large number of women and the rural population
(Ministry of Textile 2022).
Textile industries are broadly classified into three types based on raw materials used, i.e., plant-
based or cellulose materials, protein fabrics and synthetic materials. Plant based cellulosic materials
are obtained from plants like cotton, rayon and linen. Protein fabrics are animal based, which include
wool, silk and mohair and synthetic fabrics, which are nylon, polyester and acrylic, etc., are made
artificially. Dry and wet processes are followed during fiber production in textile industries. A large
amount of freshwater is used during the wet process and produces vast quantities of contaminated
wastewater. This process consists of sizing, de-sizing, sourcing, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing,
printing and finishing techniques (Babu et al. 2007, Liu et al. 2010). The different processes produce
different types of waste in each step. During the de-sizing process, enzymes, starch and waxes
are used. In the process of scouring sodium hydroxide, surfactants, soaps, fats, pectin, oils and
waxes are used in large amounts. The bleaching process includes different chemicals, i.e., hydrogen
peroxide, sodium silicate and organic stabilizer. During the process of dyeing and printing, metals,
salts, surfactants, colors, metals, urea, formaldehyde and other solvents are released into the
wastewater (Holkar et al. 2016, Yaseen and Scholz 2019). Wastewater generated from the textile